Meeting+4



Three tasks for Fourth meeting:

 * 1**. Apply [|Position Paper checklist.doc] to current draft of Position Paper.


 * 2**. Modify Position Paper by reading Opening Speech, apply appropriate enhancements, then save to be read during our fifth meeting.

a) Identify four members with whom to caucus for co-sponsorship. b) Type four persuasive speeches (which contains at least three reasons) which will appeal to each of the aforementioned member's for support of my draft resolution. c) Follow the conventions (from the U.N. site if the Yale conventions are unclear) for formatting a draft resolution. d) E-mail to each advisor upon completion.
 * 3**. Type a preliminary draft resolution. (Due prior to Wednesday, December 30th)

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========================================= __Five Content Areas below__: Resolution Overview Preambulatory Clauses and Operative Clauses Sponsors and Signatories Friendly and Unfriendly Amendments Resolution Caucusing

=Resolution Overview Model UN Preparation Guide= The final results of discussion, writing and negotiation are resolutions—written suggestions for addressing a specific problem or issue. Resolutions, which are drafted by delegates and voted on by the committee, normally require a simple majority to pass (except in the Security Council). Only Security Council resolutions can compel nations to take action. All other UN bodies use resolutions to make recommendations or suggestions for future action.

Draft Resolutions
Draft resolutions are all resolutions that have not yet been voted on. Delegates write draft resolutions alone or with other countries. There are three main parts to a draft resolution: the heading, the preamble and the operative section. The heading shows the committee and topic along with the resolution number. It also lists the draft resolution’s sponsors and signatories (see below). Each draft resolution is one long sentence with sections separated by commas and semicolons. The subject of the sentence is the body making the statement (e.g., the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, or Security Council). The preamble and operative sections then describe the current situation and actions that the committee will take.

Bringing a Resolution to the Floor for Debate
A draft resolution must always gain the support of a certain number of member states in the committee before the sponsors (the delegates who created the resolution) may submit it to the committee staff. Many conferences require signatures from 20 percent of the countries present in order to submit a draft resolution. A staff member will read the draft resolution to ensure that it is relevant and in proper format. Only when a staff member formally accepts the document and assigns it a number can it be referred to in formal debate. In some cases a delegate must make a motion to introduce the draft resolution, while in other cases the sponsors are immediately called upon to read the document. Because these procedures can vary, it is essential to find out about the resolution process for the conference you plan to attend.

Tips for Resolution Writing

 * Be sure to **follow the format** for resolutions provided by the conference organizers. Each conference may have a slightly different format.
 * Create a **detailed resolution.** For example, if your resolution calls for a new program, think about how it will be funded and what body will manage it.
 * Try to **cite facts** whenever possible.
 * **Be realistic.** Do not create objectives for your resolution that cannot be met. Make sure your body can take the action suggested. For example, the General Assembly can’t sanction another country – only the Security Council can do so.
 * Try to find **multiple sponsors**. Your committee will be more likely to approve the resolutions if many delegates contribute ideas.
 * **Preambulatory clauses** are historic justifications for action. Use them to cite past resolutions, precedents and statements about the purpose of action.
 * **Operative clauses** are policies that the resolution is designed to create. Use them to explain what the committee will do to address the issue.

 =Preambulatory Clauses and Operative Clauses Resolutions Overview | Model UN Preparation Guide=

Preambulatory Clauses
The preamble of a draft resolution states the reasons for which the committee is addressing the topic and highlights past international action on the issue. Each clause begins with a present participle (called a preambulatory phrase) and ends with a comma. Preambulatory clauses can include:
 * References to the UN Charter;
 * Citations of past UN resolutions or treaties on the topic under discussion;
 * Mentions of statements made by the Secretary-General or a relevant UN body or agency;
 * Recognition of the efforts of regional or nongovernmental organizations in dealing with the issue; and
 * General statements on the topic, its significance and its impact.

Sample Preambulatory Phrases
Alarmed by Approving Aware of Bearing in mind Believing Confident Contemplating Convinced Declaring Deeply concerned Deeply conscious Deeply convinced Deeply disturbed Deeply regretting Desiring Emphasizing || Expecting Expressing its appreciation Expressing its satisfaction Fulfilling Fully alarmed Fully aware Fully believing Further deploring Further recalling Guided by Having adopted Having considered Having considered further Having devoted attention Having examined Having heard Having received || Having studied Keeping in mind Noting with regret Noting with deep concern Noting with satisfaction Noting further Noting with approval Observing Reaffirming Realizing Recalling Recognizing Referring Seeking Taking into account Taking into consideration Taking note Viewing with appreciation Welcoming ||
 * Affirming

Operative Clauses
Operative clauses identify the actions or recommendations made in a resolution. Each operative clause begins with a verb (called an operative phrase) and ends with a semicolon. Operative clauses should be organized in a logical progression, with each containing a single idea or proposal, and are always numbered. If a clause requires further explanation, bulleted lists set off by letters or roman numerals can also be used. After the last operative clause, the resolution ends in a period.

Sample Operative Phrases
Affirms Approves Authorizes Calls Calls upon Condemns Confirms Congratulates Considers Declares accordingly Deplores Designates Draws the attention Emphasizes || Encourages Endorses Expresses its appreciation Expresses its hope Further invites Deplores Designates Draws the attention Emphasizes Encourages Endorses Expresses its appreciation Expresses its hope Further invites Further proclaims Further reminds || Further recommends Further requests Further resolves Has resolved Notes Proclaims Reaffirms Recommends Regrets Reminds Requests Solemnly affirms Strongly condemns Supports Takes note of Transmits Trusts ||
 * Accepts

 =Sponsors and Signatories | Resolutions Overview Model UN Preparation Guide= A certain percentage of the committee must be either sponsors or signatories to a draft resolution in order for it to be accepted.
 * Sponsors** of a draft resolution are the principal authors of the document and agree with its substance. Although it is possible to have only one sponsor, this rarely occurs at the UN, since countries must work together to create widely agreeable language in order for the draft resolution to pass. Sponsors control a draft resolution and only the sponsors can approve immediate changes.
 * Signatories** are countries that may or may not agree with the substance of the draft resolution but still wish to see it debated so that they can propose amendments.

 =Friendly and Unfriendly Amendments Resolution Overview | Model UN Preparation Guide= Approved draft resolutions are modified through amendments. An amendment is a written statement that adds, deletes or revises an operative clause in a draft resolution. The amendment process is used to strengthen consensus on a resolution by allowing delegates to change certain sections. There are two types of amendments:

A **friendly amendment** is a change to the draft resolution that all sponsors agree with. After the amendment is signed by all of the draft resolution’s sponsors and approved by the committee director or president, it will be automatically incorporated into the resolution. An **unfriendly amendment** is a change that some or all of the draft resolution’s sponsors do not support and must be voted upon by the committee. The author(s) of the amendment will need to obtain a required number of signatories in order to introduce it (usually 20 percent of the committee). Prior to voting on the draft resolution, the committee votes on all unfriendly amendments.

Ultimately, resolutions passed by a committee represent a great deal of debate and compromise. They are the tangible results of hours if not days of Model UN debate. As a result, it is important to become familiar with the resolution process and practice drafting resolutions using the proper structure and wording.

 Sponsors: United States, Austria and Italy Signatories: Greece, Tajikistan, Japan, Canada, Mali, the Netherlands and Gabon Topic: “Strengthening UN coordination of humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies” The General Assembly, __Reminding__ all nations of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the //Universal Declaration of Human Rights//, which recognizes the inherent dignity, equality and inalienable rights of all global citizens, **[use commas to separate preambulatory clauses]** __Reaffirming__ its Resolution 33/1996 of 25 July 1996, which encourages Governments to work with UN bodies aimed at improving the coordination and effectiveness of humanitarian assistance, __Noting__ with satisfaction the past efforts of various relevant UN bodies and nongovernmental organizations, __Stressing__ the fact that the United Nations faces significant financial obstacles and is in need of reform, particularly in the humanitarian realm, 1. __Encourages__ all relevant agencies of the United Nations to collaborate more closely with countries at the grassroots level to enhance the carrying out of relief efforts; **[use semicolons to separate operative clauses]** 2. __Urges__ member states to comply with the goals of the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs to streamline efforts of humanitarian aid; 3. __Requests__ that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to better enhance the coordination of relief efforts of humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies; 4. __Calls__ for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that encourages voluntary donations from the private transnational sector to aid in funding the implementation of rapid deployment forces; 5. __Stresses__ the continuing need for impartial and objective information on the political, economic and social situations and events of all countries; 6. __Calls__ upon states to respond quickly and generously to consolidated appeals for humanitarian assistance; and 7. __Requests__ the expansion of preventive actions and assurance of post-conflict assistance through reconstruction and development. **[end resolutions with a period]**
 * General Assembly Third Committee**

=Caucusing Model UN Preparation Guide= Caucusing, or informal debate, is an important part of the Model UN simulation because it provides an opportunity for delegates to collaborate, negotiate and formulate draft resolutions. During a Model UN conference, caucuses can be either moderated or unmoderated. When a committee holds a moderated caucus, the Chair calls on delegates one at a time and each speaker briefly addresses the committee. During an unmoderated caucus, the committee breaks for a temporary recess from formal proceedings so that delegates can work together in small groups. To hold a caucus, a delegate must make a motion and the committee must pass the motion. Many delegates prefer to speak during a moderated caucus rather than being placed on the speaker’s list. In a moderated caucus, speakers are usually able to convey one or two key points to the entire committee or share new ideas that have developed through the course of debate. A delegate sometimes chooses to make a motion for a moderated caucus if his or her name is close to the end of the speakers list. By speaking in a moderated caucus, delegates are able to address the committee much earlier. In most cases, more than half of committee time is used for unmoderated caucusing. Many delegates feel this is the easiest way for them to collaborate and start to formulate [|draft resolutions].

Tips for Effective Caucusing

 * **Enter the caucus with a plan in mind:** Formulate ideas on what your country would like to see included in a resolution. Decide which clauses you are willing to negotiate on and which you are not.
 * **Find delegates in your regional bloc:** This is the easiest way to seek out allies. However, if you find that the group you are working with is not meeting your needs, do not be afraid to switch groups.
 * **Provide ideas:** Tell others what your country is hoping to achieve. If you do not agree with an idea, do not hesitate to say that it is against your country’s policy.
 * **Negotiate:** While it is often necessary to give up something that you want, make sure that you are not giving up anything too important.
 * **Listen:** By listening to what others are saying you will able to build on other people’s ideas and add more to the discussion. Listening also shows respect for each delegate in your group.
 * **Do not interrupt:** Allow other delegates to finish their thoughts rather than interrupting others in the middle of a sentence. It sometimes helps to write down your idea so that you can bring it up when the delegate is finished speaking.
 * **Record ideas:** Start to formulate a resolution in writing. Rather than waiting until the last minute, begin recording fellow delegates’ ideas right away.
 * **Be resourceful:** By providing fellow delegates with resolution text, maps or information as they need it, you will show that you are valuable to the group.
 * **Have one-on-one conversations:** Speaking with an individual or in a small group is the best way to find out a delegate’s position on an issue. Larger groups are better suited to brainstorming.
 * **Stay calm:** In caucuses, delegates can sometimes “lose their cool.” Staying calm will not only help your group be more effective, but will be noticed by the conference staff. Always keep your voice at a normal level. If you see that you are becoming upset or raising your voice, excuse yourself from the group for a few minutes.
 * **Use time effectively:** Make sure you have enough time to hear everyone’s ideas so that you can discuss them during formal debate. Try not to waste time arguing over small details that do not seriously affect the draft resolution.
 * **Show respect:** Never give orders or tell other delegates what they should or should not do. Be polite and treat all your fellow delegates with respect.
 * **Provide constructive critique:** Rather than negatively criticizing another delegate, focus on providing constructive critique. If you dislike an idea, try to offer an alternative. Critique ideas, not people.
 * **Establish connections with other delegates:** Although it can be tempting to call a fellow delegate “Pakistan,” “Brazil” or “Sweden”, you can form a better connection with a delegate by learning his or her name and where he or she comes from. Ask the delegate about his or her ideas and impressions of the debate. Showing interest in your fellow delegates at the beginning of the conference will help you gain more support later on and can help you to form lasting friendships.